The Consultant's Tax Trap: PSI and the ATO Traffic Light System

CORRECTION NOTICE, updated 22 September 2026 The structure of this episode is right: the PSI rules and PCG 2021/4 are two separate hurdles, and clearing one does not clear the other. Six things need adding or correcting, and the first is good news that the recording leaves out. The audio cannot be changed, so the corrections are marked inline below. Where the recording and this page disagree, this page is right. 1. THE 80 PER CENT RULE DOES NOT APPLY TO THE RESULTS TEST. If you meet the results test for at least 75 per cent of your personal services income, you can self-assess as a personal services business even where one client provides every dollar you earn. The 80 per cent rule only restricts the unrelated clients, business premises and employment tests. Mike in the example is caught because he is paid a day rate, not because he has one client. 2. THE RESULTS TEST HAS A 75 PER CENT THRESHOLD AND A CONDITIONAL TOOLS LIMB. All three conditions must be met for at least 75 per cent of your PSI, not every contract, and the equipment condition only bites where the work actually requires equipment or tools. 3. A DAY RATE IS EVIDENCE, NOT A VERDICT. The ATO says you are unlikely to meet the first condition if paid hourly or daily. The question is still whether the contract is for a result. 4. PCG 2021/4 HAS THREE RISK FACTORS, NOT TWO. The proportion of profit entitlement from the whole of firm group returned to the practitioner, the total effective tax rate on income received by the practitioner and their associated entities, and, where available, the practitioner's remuneration as a percentage of a commercial benchmark. 5. THE ZONES ARE SCORED. Each factor scores 1 to 6 and the scores are added. On the first two factors, 7 or less is green, 8 is amber and 9 or more is red. On all three, 10 or less is green, 11 or 12 is amber and 13 or more is red. Green means the ATO will generally only check that the self-assessment is supported and evidenced, not that it will never look. The guideline applies from 1 July 2022. 6. SECTION 100A, NOT JUST PART IVA. Distributions to a spouse and adult children who never receive the money are the classic target of the trust reimbursement agreement rules in section 100A, covered by TR 2022/4 and PCG 2022/2. There is no time limit on amendment under section 100A, and where it applies the trustee is assessed at the top rate. Verified against the ATO's personal services income guidance, the results test and self-assessing as a PSB pages, PCG 2021/4, TR 2022/4 and PCG 2022/2. ---------- Mia: Welcome to the podcast, our newsletter made easy. Please note, this podcast features AI-generated voices for your hosts, Mia Taylor... Leo: ...and Leo Baker, bringing you expert insights from owner Ben De Rosa at Aevum Accounting. Each week we're here to help you confidently navigate the ins and outs of Australian tax, whether it's for your individual finances or the complexities of your business. Mia: We'll cut through the jargon to give you strategies for compliance, smart planning, and that ultimate peace of mind. Leo: So, if you're looking to understand your obligations, maximise your financial position, or simply gain clarity on your money matters, you're in the right place. Let's get started with our review of the week. Mia: This week's review comes from Stephen H. He writes: "Clear communication, transparent upfront pricing, professional and honest service." Leo: Short, sharp, and exactly what we strive for. Thank you so much, Stephen. Having transparent pricing and honest communication is absolutely vital, especially when dealing with the complex topic we are unpacking today. Mia: That's right. Today we are talking directly to the high earners: the IT contractors, the management consultants, the engineers, and the professional firm partners. We are diving deep into the consultant's tax trap. Leo: To help us unpack this incredibly complex web of ATO legislation, we've brought back our resident tax strategist, Harvey Green. Welcome, Harvey! Harvey: Thanks for having me back. This topic is exactly why Aevum Accounting focuses so heavily on fostering trust and ethical diligence. When consultants get this wrong, it can result in years of back taxes, interest, and incredibly heavy penalties. Leo: Let's start with the core problem, Harvey. Ben mentions there is a massive misconception in the consulting world. What is it? Harvey: The misconception is that if you are a high-earning professional, you can simply set up a proprietary limited company or a family trust, funnel all your income into it, and magically cap your tax rate at the 25% or 30% company rate. Or worse, they think they can freely split their income with a lower-earning spouse to dodge the top marginal tax bracket. Mia: But it doesn't work like that? Harvey: Not at all. The ATO has two massive defence mechanisms to stop this: the PSI rules and the newer traffic light system, officially known as PCG 2021/4. Leo: Okay, let's peel the onion. Layer one, the PSI net. What is Personal Services Income? Harvey: Income is classified as PSI if more than 50% of the payment you receive for a contract is a reward for your personal efforts or skills, rather than from the use of assets, the sale of goods, or a larger business structure. Mia: Give us an example to make that real. Harvey: Let's look at two businesses. First, Bob the IT consultant. He charges $150 an hour to write code for a bank. He uses his own laptop, but the income is derived entirely from his brainpower. That is PSI. Now compare that to Sarah the manufacturer. She owns a custom furniture business. She uses $100,000 worth of heavy machinery and raw timber to build her products. Even though she builds the furniture herself, her income is produced by the machinery and materials just as much as her skill. That is not PSI. Leo: What happens if Bob gets caught in the PSI net? Can his company still save him tax? Harvey: No. If you are caught by the PSI rules, the ATO essentially looks right through your company or trust. Every single dollar of profit must be attributed directly back to your personal tax return and taxed at your individual marginal rates. No income splitting is allowed, and certain business deductions are completely blocked. Mia: Ouch. So how do consultants escape this net? Harvey: To escape the PSI rules, you must prove to the ATO that you are operating a true personal services business, or PSB. You do this by passing specific tests. Leo: What are the tests? Harvey: The gold standard is the results test. To pass this, you must be paid to produce a specific result, you must provide your own tools, and you must be financially liable for fixing any defects. [CORRECTION: two details are missing and both work in your favour. The three conditions have to be met for at least 75 per cent of your PSI, not for every single contract. And the tools condition is conditional: you must supply the equipment or tools needed to do the work if any are required, so work that genuinely needs no special equipment does not fail on that limb.] Mia: So if I am paid a daily rate, does that pass? Harvey: No, and this is a huge trap. Being paid a daily rate almost always fails the results test. [CORRECTION: the ATO's own wording is that if you are paid on an hourly or daily rate you are "unlikely" to meet the first condition, not that you automatically fail. What is actually tested is whether the contract is for a result. A day rate is strong evidence against that, but the substance of the engagement is what decides it.] You must be paid a fixed fee for delivering a specific milestone. Let's look at Mike the cybersecurity consultant. He lands a massive contract with a bank at $1,200 a day and sets up Mike Cyber Proprietary Limited. Because he is paid for his time, not a fixed result, he fails the results test. Leo: What if he just works for lots of different clients? Harvey: That brings us to the 80% rule. If you receive 80% or more of your PSI from a single client, you cannot self-assess as a PSB under the other tests, like the unrelated clients test, unless you get a specific determination from the ATO. This catches out so many consultants who take on 12-month contracts with government departments. Because Mike relies on one client for 90% of his income that year, he fails the 80% rule too. He is caught by PSI and every dollar is taxed in his personal name. [CORRECTION: this is the most useful thing in the whole episode and the recording buries it. The 80 per cent rule does not apply to the results test. If you meet the results test for at least 75 per cent of your PSI, you can self-assess as a personal services business even where a single client provides every dollar you earn. The 80 per cent rule only restricts the unrelated clients, business premises and employment tests. So Mike is caught because he is paid for his time, not because he has one client. A contractor on a single long government engagement who is genuinely paid for deliverables, supplies their own equipment and carries the cost of fixing defects is not stopped by the 80 per cent rule at all.] Mia: Okay, but let's say I pass the tests. I run an engineering consultancy, I have dozens of unrelated clients, and I have a dedicated commercial office space. I'm officially a PSB. I can finally split my income, right? Harvey: Wrong. And this is where the biggest confusion lies. Just because you pass the PSB tests does not mean the ATO's general anti-avoidance rules disappear. This brings us to layer three: the traffic light system, PCG 2021/4. Leo: The traffic lights? That sounds ominous. Harvey: It is the ATO's crackdown on individual professional practitioners who use structures to artificially lower their tax. The ATO's philosophy is simple: if you are the key driver generating the revenue through your personal professional expertise, you must pay an appropriate amount of tax personally. You cannot just pay yourself a $50,000 salary while your company makes $400,000 in profit. Mia: So how does the traffic light system work? Harvey: Before you even look at the lights, you have to pass two mandatory gateways. First, the commercial rationale gateway. Your business structure must make commercial sense beyond just saving tax. For example, is it for asset protection or bringing in equity partners? Second, there can be no high-risk features like complex financing arrangements designed to artificially shift profits. Leo: And if I pass those gateways? Harvey: Then you score your arrangement on the risk matrix. This determines if you are in the green, amber, or red zone. It assesses the proportion of profit returned to you personally versus the total effective tax rate on the income. [CORRECTION: there is a third factor. PCG 2021/4 uses the proportion of profit entitlement from the whole of firm group returned to the practitioner, the total effective tax rate on income received from the firm by the practitioner and their associated entities, and, where the information is available, the practitioner's remuneration as a percentage of a commercial benchmark for the services they provide to the firm. The guideline applies from 1 July 2022.] Mia: Give us an example of someone crashing into the red zone. Harvey: The greedy director trap. Meet Jessica. She runs a boutique engineering consultancy with staff and an office. She easily passes the PSB tests. Her firm makes $600,000 in profit. To save tax, Jessica pays herself a $60,000 salary and distributes the remaining $540,000 through a discretionary trust to her stay-at-home husband and adult children who are at university. Leo: That sounds like a great deal for her family. Harvey: But a terrible deal for her taxes. While she passed the PSB rules, she completely fails the ATO traffic light system. She falls deep into the red zone because the proportion of profit given to her, the actual professional generating the value, is tiny compared to the total pool. For aggressive tax minimisation like this, you should expect an audit where the ATO will aggressively apply Part IVA anti-avoidance provisions. [CORRECTION: Part IVA is not the first weapon that would be reached for here. Distributions to a spouse and to adult children who never actually receive the money are the classic target of section 100A, the trust reimbursement agreement rules, set out by the ATO in TR 2022/4 and PCG 2022/2. Section 100A has no time limit on amendment, and where it applies the beneficiary's entitlement is disregarded and the trustee is assessed on that income at the top rate. For a structure like Jessica's, section 100A is the more likely line of attack and the more expensive one.] Mia: Wow. So what is the safe way to do this? How do we get into the green zone? Harvey: The green zone, which is low risk, means the practitioner is paying themselves a high commercial salary, or the overall tax paid across the group on that income is close to the top marginal rate. If you are in the green zone, the ATO will generally not apply compliance resources to review you. [CORRECTION: the zones are scores, not vibes, and the green zone promise is narrower than that. Each factor scores from 1 to 6 and the scores are added. On the first two factors alone, an aggregate of 7 or less is green, 8 is amber and 9 or more is red. Using all three factors, 10 or less is green, 11 or 12 is amber and 13 or more is red. In the green zone the ATO says it will generally only apply compliance resources to check that the self-assessment is properly supported and evidenced, and it may still review you if other risks are present.] This is the gold standard for enduring stability and peace of mind. Leo: This is incredibly complex. I imagine trying to self-assess your risk zone is a recipe for disaster. Harvey: It is. Building a business requires a long-term perspective. Short-term aggressive tax dodgers eventually collapse. The takeaway here is don't try to outsmart the ATO with aggressive income splitting. Aim for the green zone. It might mean paying a bit more tax today, but it ensures you keep the wealth you build tomorrow without the catastrophic risk of an ATO audit. Mia: Harvey, thank you. That was a phenomenal deep dive into a very dangerous trap. Leo: If you are an IT contractor, an engineer, or running a professional firm, you need to know exactly what zone you are in. Don't wait for the ATO to send a letter. Get in touch with Ben De Rosa and the team at Aevum Accounting. They can review your structure, run the ATO tests, and ensure you are operating with enduring value and stability. Mia: Visit us at aevumaccounting.com.au. Leo: Thank you for joining us for episode 42. We hope today's discussion has provided you with valuable insights. Mia: Before we go, a quick but important reminder. The information shared today is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute specific tax or financial advice. Leo: Everyone's situation is unique, and tax laws are complex. For personalised advice tailored to your situation, we always recommend consulting with a qualified professional. Mia: Until next time, stay savvy, stay proactive... Leo: ...and aim for the green zone.